Exploring uterine inflammation in postpartum primiparous precocious and conventional and multiparous Bos indicus beef cows.

This study aimed to compare the postpartum uterine dynamics of primiparous precocious (PP), primiparous conventional (PC) and multiparous conventional (MC) Bos indicus beef cows. For this purpose, PP (n = 8), PC (n = 18) and MC (n = 12) cows were enrolled in this study. These cows were evaluated at 20 and 10 days prepartum and weekly from parturition to 42 days postpartum (DPP). During this period, body weight (BW), subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) and serum concentrations of glucose, ß-hydroxybutyrate, albumin and haptoglobin were measured. Proportion of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, and abundance of mRNA transcripts of genes involved in uterine inflammation and uterine health were evaluated. The PP cows had lower (p < .05) BW and SFT than that for PC and MC cows during the study period. The serum concentration of albumin after 35 DPP was lower (p < .05) in PP cows. The PP cows had the highest proportion of PMN on 28 and 35 DPP compared to PC and MC cows. The relative mRNA abundance of IL-1ß and IL-8 increased after 21 DPP in PP cows compared to the other groups. The PC had the highest, MC had an intermediate, and PP cows had the lowest relative abundance of IL10 mRNA. Overall, these findings indicated that uterine inflammation was more pronounced in PP cows. Moreover, based on the proportion of PMN and abundance of transcripts associated with inflammation in the uterus, PP cows may require a longer period to recover their uterine health after calving.

Association between chronic Anaplasma marginale and Babesia spp. infection and hematological parameters of taurine heifers.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between chronic Anaplasma marginale and Babesia spp. infection and hematological parameters of pregnant and non-pregnant taurine heifers. Blood samples from 94 females were collected on the first day (D-10) of timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocol and on pregnancy diagnosis (D+34). Hematological parameters were determined and compared between pregnant (PG) and non-pregnant (NPG) heifers, and within group at different sampling days. Real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to determine A. marginale and Babesia bovis infection, and for absolute quantification of Babesia spp. between PG and NPG groups. Correlation analysis was performed between the number of gDNA copies (CN) of Babesia spp. and hematological parameters. On D-10, mean hemoglobin concentration was higher for NPG, and hematocrit and total plasma protein were higher on D+34 for both groups. There was no difference in Babesia spp. CN between groups. In the first qPCR, all heifers were positive for A. marginale and B. bovis. Significant correlations were found between hemoglobin and erythrocyte and between hemoglobin and hematocrit (r = 0.8082 and r = 0.3009, respectively). Low levels of A. marginale and Babesia spp. did not affect hematological parameters of chronically infected pregnant and non-pregnant taurine heifers.

Metabolic profile of transition period in ewes and its influence on passive immunity transference in lambs.

The intensification of ewe production, focusing on increasing prolificity, results in a higher incidence of metabolic disorders, especially in the transition period, which can lead to production losses with consequences for the health of the animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile in transition period Lacaune ewes according to the parity and litter size born and its influence on the transference of passive immunity. Nineteen Lacaune ewes, with initial mean body weight of 76.36 ± 10.37 kg (SD), kept in a semi-extensive system and receiving the same diet, were used. Ewes were classified according to parity (primiparous and multiparous) and the litter size born at parturition (1, 2, and 3). On days - 14, - 7, and - 4 of the expected date of parturition and on days 1, 4, 7, and 14 days postpartum, blood sampling, the evaluation of the body condition score (BCS), and the weighing of animals were performed. Blood samples were taken from the lambs 48 h after birth. Colostrum was collected up to 6 h postpartum to determine the brix percentage. Serum concentrations of total plasma proteins (TPP), albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), paraoxonase (PON1), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were evaluated. In lambs, the blood parameters evaluated were TPP, albumin, GGT, and PON1. Lamb plasma was used to estimate colostrum efficiency, brix percentage immunity, and total plasma protein (PPT). Productive data, pre- and postpartum metabolic variables for ewes, lambs, and those related to colostrum brix were analyzed. The BCS had a reduction (p < 0.0001) in the postpartum period, which is evidenced on days 7 and 14 (2.88 and 2.73, respectively). Serum concentration of BHB presented the highest concentrations in the prepartum period for ewes that gave birth to triplets, from day - 14, and for ewes that gave birth to twins on day - 4 (p = 0.0245). Serum concentration of NEFA demonstrated the highest value on day 14 in primiparous (1.07; p = 0.0402). Calcium had the lowest concentrations on day 1 (8.85 mg/dl, p < 0.0001) and magnesium on day 3 (1.79 mg/dl, p < 0.0001) postpartum. The multiparous with two lambs had higher brix percentages (30.5%), and the lowest value was observed in primiparous ewes that gave birth to a single lamb (27.06%; p = 0.0395). Triplet lambs had the lowest weight (3.73 kg, p = 0.0007), and the best brix percentage in plasma was observed in twins (10.29%, p = 0.0174). Regardless of the parity, the ewes that presented the greatest metabolic challenge were those that gave birth to triplets, and these lambs presented the worst immunity and the lowest live weight. The quality of colostrum was influenced by the parity, and multiparous ewes that gave birth to triplets had the lowest brix percentage in the colostrum.

Feed intake, milk production and metabolism of Holstein, Gyr and Girolando-F1 heifers with high body condition score during the transition period.

The transition period in taurine dairy cows is widely reported in the literature. However, little is known about the metabolism of zebu animals and their crossbreeding with taurine breeds during this phase. Considering the importance of these breeds in tropical and subtropical regions, this study aimed to evaluate the feed intake, milk production and hepatic metabolism in Holstein, Gyr and Girolando-F1 (½ Holstein × ½ Gyr) heifers presenting high body condition score (BCS) during the transition period (prepartum weeks -2 and -1 and postpartum weeks +1 and + 3). Twelve heifers of each genetic group were used, totaling 36 animals. Variables considered were blood metabolites related to liver function, dry matter intake (DMI), body condition score (BCS), body weight (BW), milk yield (MY), and fat and protein concentrations in milk. Gyr heifers had the lowest concentrations of paraoxonase in weeks -2 (43.13 U/mL), -1 (62.10 U/mL) and + 3 (77.89 U/mL), albumin in week -1 (3.07 g/dL), and the highest concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in weeks -2 (1.35 mmol/L) and -1 (1.19 mmol/L). ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and NEFA values were negatively correlated with prepartum DMI (-0.82 and -0.57, respectively), while paraoxonase was positively correlated to DMI (0.54). Gyr cows were more susceptible to inflammation despite having intermediate BCS and lower milk yield. Girolando-F1 animals showed the highest BCS among groups, although their hepatic metabolism had better results than Gyr cows. Holstein animals had lower lipomobilization and higher DMI and MY between breeds. These results suggest that the metabolism of zebu and crossbred cows does not react equally to the metabolism of Holstein cows concerning stress factors such as transition period and obesity. Therefore, the present study addresses an emerging theme that highlights the need for differentiated management during the transition period between the different breeds studied in order to ensure the maximum health and welfare of these animals.

Effects of substituting sweet potato flour for ground corn on performance, feeding behavior, and metabolism of dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substituting sweet potato flour for ground corn in rations fed to lactating dairy on milk yield and composition, blood metabolites, and feeding behavior. Twenty lactating Holstein cows from 30 to 60 days postpartum were randomly assigned to one of two groups (n = 10 each) and used in a cross-over design trial with two treatments: a standard concentrate with ground corn as an energy source or experimental concentrate with sweet potato flour (SPF) replacing all of the ground corn. Each of the 35-day periods consisted of 14 days for adaptation to diet and 21 days for data and sample collection. Milk yield, dry matter intake (DMI), and feeding behavior were evaluated daily throughout the trial. Milk samples were collected weekly and blood samples were collected every 3 days. Milk was analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, and total solid constituents. Blood was analyzed for glucose, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein (TP), albumin, and urea concentrations. Milk yield (P = 0.62) and composition (fat: P = 0.71; protein: P = 0.12; lactose: P = 0.82; total solids: P = 0.56) were not affected by dietary treatments. There were no differences between treatments in DMI or meal frequency, but total eating time (P = 0.001), feeding time (P = 0.001), and meal duration (P = 0.001) was higher for control compared with SPF. However, feeding rate (P = 0.001) and serum urea concentration (P = 0.001) were higher for SPF compared with control. No differences were observed in serum metabolites and enzymes measured among treatments. The results of this trial indicate that SPF can be substituted for ground corn without impairing the performance, feeding behavior, and metabolism in dairy cows.

Zootechnical and health performance of Holstein x Gir crossbred calves.

Crossbreeding is used to increase production and disease resistance in adult animals, and there is no research to assess the performance of animals in the early stages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the zootechnical and health performance of Holstein x Gir calves (½ HG: ½ Dutch ½ Gir and ¾ HG: ¾ Dutch » Gir), from birth to 80 days of age, and compare metabolic parameters between groups. In this sense, calves were monitored for zootechnical parameters; epidemiological indexes such as morbidity, mortality, recurrence of diarrhea, pneumonia, and other diseases; as well as serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total proteins, cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, urea, and paraoxonase1 (PON1). ¾ HG calves showed higher morbidity for diarrhea and remained with diarrhea for longer compared to ½ HG calves, and this was reflected in the average daily weight gain until the 42nd day, with ½ HG calves performing better. There were no differences regarding passive immune transfer between groups, as well as no differences in morbidity and mortality from pneumonia. Regarding biochemical analyses, a difference was found only in the concentrations of PON1, which were higher in ¾ HG calves. The findings show that blood degree influences the occurrence and duration of diarrhea, negatively impacting the zootechnical performance of the animals. Crossbreeding bulls with zebu cattle can be an alternative to increase calf resistance and reduce diarrhea, thus lowering economic losses and improving animal performance.

Sweet Potato Flour as a Replacement for Ground Corn as an Energetic Concentrate / Utilização de farinha de batata-doce como substituto ao milho moído como concentrado energético

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effects of different levels of substitution of ground corn by sweet potato flour on intake, digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and total Nitrogen (N) retention in sheep fed mixed diets based on corn silage. Eight castrated male sheep were used, kept in metabolic cages. The animals received fixed proportions of oat hay, corn silage and soybean meal. The control group (0%) received only ground corn, while the other groups received different levels of inclusion of sweet potato flour (SPF) to replace ground corn, in the proportions of 33%, 66%, and 100%. The 0% and 33% groups had lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake than the 66% and 100% groups. There was a trend (P = 0.07) of effect of treatments on crude protein (CP) intake with a significant positive linear effect (P = 0.03). There was a trend (P = 0.07) for treatment effects in N intake with a significant positive linear effect (P = 0.03). The other parameters as urine N excretion (P = 0.91) and feces N excretion (P = 0.16) were not affected by the replacement of ground corn by SPF. Moreover, there was no effect on N retention (P = 0.43) and on efficiency of N use (P = 0.69). Adding SPF to a diet instead of corn did not alter the microbial protein parameters. The inclusion of sweet potato flour did not cause changes in the protein metabolism of animals, suggesting it can be used instead of corn.

RESUMO: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos dos diferentes níveis de substituição de milho moído por farinha de batata-doce na ingestão, digestibilidade, síntese de proteína microbiana e a retenção de Nitrogênio (N) em ovinos alimentados por dietas com base em silagem de milho. Foram utilizados oito ovinos machos castrados, mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas, divididos em quatro grupos no quadrado latino 4 x 4, totalizando quatro períodos de 15 dias cada. Os animais receberam proporções fixas de feno de aveia, silagem de milho e farelo de soja. O grupo controle (0%) recebeu apenas milho moído, enquanto os outros grupos receberam diferentes níveis de inclusão de farinha de batata doce (FBD) em substituição ao milho moído, nas proporções de 33%, 66% e 100%. Amostras de alimentos e sobras foram coletadas para avaliação do consumo e análise bromatológica. A urina foi coletada para avaliação da síntese proteica microbiana através dos derivados da purina (DP). As fezes foram coletadas para análise e estimativa da digestibilidade. Os grupos de 0% e 33% apresentaram menor consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) do que os grupos de 66% e 100%. Houve uma tendência (P = 0,07) de efeito dos tratamentos na ingestão de proteína bruta (PB) com efeito linear positivo significativo (P = 0,03). Houve uma tendência (P = 0,07) para os efeitos do tratamento na ingestão de N com um efeito linear positivo significativo (P = 0,03). Os demais parâmetros como excreção de N na urina (P = 0,91) e excreção de N nas fezes (P = 0,16) não foram afetados pela substituição do milho moído pela FBD. Além disso, não houve efeito na retenção de N (P = 0,43) e na eficiência do uso de N (P = 0,69). A adição de FBD a uma dieta em vez de milho não alterou os parâmetros das proteínas microbianas. A inclusão de farinha de batata-doce não causou alterações no metabolismo proteico dos animais, sugerindo que pode ser utilizada no lugar do milho.

Use of sulfonamides for the treatment of bovine neonatal diarrhea: clinical and performance parameters / Utilização de sulfonamidas para o tratamento de diarreia neonatal bovina: parâmetros clínicos e zootécnicos

This study was developed to evaluate the clinical, hematological, and performance parameters of calves affected by diarrhea caused by the bacterial enteric pathogen Escherichia coli, treated with three different protocols containing sulfonamides. Fourteen Holstein calves were monitored from birth to 60 days of age, and divided into 3 groups. Group 1 (n=5) animals were treated with 80 g of Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brazil, administered orally (BM), dissolved in 160 ml of water every 24 h; Group 2 (n=4) received IM sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brazil), and Group 3 (n=5) animals were treated with 80 g of Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brazil, which is made up of 16 g of phthalylsulfathiazole, associated with 2.28 g neomycin sulfate, 1.6 g of pectin, and 80 g of kaolin, dissolved in 160 ml of water and administered every 24 h by mouth, in addition to sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brazil), at a daily dose of 16 mg/kg live weight, through IM injection. During the study, the animals were clinically evaluated, and once they were diagnosed with diarrhea, feces samples were collected to identify the bacterial enteric pathogen, antibiogram, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and coproparasitological exams. Blood samples were collected to evaluate the hematological profile, and the performance profile was monitored weekly. In the clinical examination, all calves presented a reduction in body temperature (<39.2°C) and some improvement in hydration after treatment (p=0,31). However, group 2 had a better concentration of lymphocytes and TP concerning the other animals, as well as better performance. Besides, E.coli was detected in 100% of feces samples. Thus, the therapeutic protocols with sulfonamides used to treat bovine neonatal diarrhea were effective in the clinical improvement of the animals. Nonetheless, the protocol with systemic therapy using sulfadiazine and trimethoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brazil) intramuscularly, provided better performance, with better weight gain, and body development of the animals.(AU)

Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos e zootécnicos de bezerras acometidas por diarreia provocada pelo agente bacteriano Escherichia coli, tratadas com três diferentes protocolos contendo sulfonamidas. Quatorze bezerras da raça Holandês foram monitoradas do nascimento até os 60 dias de vida e divididas em 3 grupos: Grupo 1 (n=5), animais tratados com a dose de 80g de Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brasil, por via oral (VO), dissolvido em 160ml de água a cada 24 horas; Grupo 2 (n=4) receberam sulfadiazina e trimetropim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brasil), na dose de 16mg/Kg de peso vivo, por dia, por via intramuscular (IM); Grupo 3 (n=5) 80g de Kaopek®, Ibasa, Brasil, por VO dissolvido em 160ml de água, a cada 24 horas e com 16mg/Kg de peso vivo, por dia, de sulfadiazina e trimetoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brasil), por via IM. Durante o estudo, os animais foram avaliados clinicamente e a partir do diagnóstico de diarreia foram coletadas amostras de fezes para a identificação do agente bacteriano, antibiograma, reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e exames coproparasitológicos. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para avaliação do perfil hematológico e o perfil zootécnico foi acompanhado semanalmente. No exame clínico, todas as bezerras apresentaram redução na temperatura corporal (<39,2°C) e melhora na hidratação após o período de tratamento (p=0,31), porém o grupo 2 obteve maior concentração de linfócitos e PPT em relação aos demais, assim como melhor desempenho zootécnico, além disso em 100% das amostras de fezes foi detectado E. coli. Sendo assim, os protocolos terapêuticos com sulfonamidas utilizados para o tratamento da diarreia neonatal bovina foram eficazes na melhora clínica dos animais. Porém, o protocolo com terapia sistêmica com sulfadiazina e trimetoprim (Ibatrim®, Ibasa, Brasil) por via intramuscular proporcionou um melhor desempenho zootécnico, com melhor ganho de peso e desenvolvimento corporal dos animais.(AU)

Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based products and effects on rumen environment and performance of sheep subjected to dietary changes / Utilização de produtos à base de Saccharomyces cerevisiae e seus efeitos sobre o ambiente ruminal e desempenho de ovinos submetidos a mudanças de dieta

ABSTRACT: Natural additives in ruminant diet optimizes animal performance by controlling or modifying the rumen fermentation pattern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of using Saccharomyces cerevisiae products during abrupt changes in dietary starch concentration on ruminal pH maintenance, performance and metabolism of confined sheep. Twenty adult ewes, crossbred Texel x Corriedale(44.7±6.97 Kg BW) were divided into three groups: Control (n=6), Cultron X (yeast culture; n=7) and Cultron Pro (hydrolyzed yeast; n=7), administered at a dose of 5 g/sheep/day (10x1010CFU/g DM). The experiment lasted 20 days divided into four periods, alternating between 40 and 60% concentrate. Blood and ruminal fluid were collected at the end of each period, and daily dry matter intake was measured to determine the average daily gain (ADG). Blood tests included blood count and biochemical parameters such as glucose, urea, total plasma proteins (TPP), liver enzymes, acute phase proteins and minerals. There was an upward trend in ADG in group Cultron X compared to control in period 3. Although, ruminal pH did not differ between groups, protozoan motility was higher in animals supplemented with hydrolyzed yeast. The Cultron Pro group showed an increase in TPP in periods 3 and 4, and AST in periods 2 and 3 compared to the control group. There was no difference in other metabolites. Yeast supplementation is a potential tool in times of feeding challenge, in which yeast culture is the most effective for improving performance of confined sheep being in improving performance of confined sheep.

RESUMO: A utilização de aditivos naturais na dieta de ruminantes é uma prática que otimiza o desempenho, controlando ou modificando o padrão de fermentação ruminal. O objetivo do estudo buscou avaliar os efeitos da utilização de produtos à base de Saccharomyces cerevisiae durante mudanças na concentração de amido da dieta sobre a manutenção do pH ruminal, desempenho e metabolismo de ovinos confinados. Dessa forma, 20 fêmeas ovinas adultas mestiças das raças Texel e Corriedale (44,7±6,97 PV) foram divididas em três grupos: Controle (n=6), Cultron X (cultura de levedura; n=7) e Cultron Pro (levedura hidrolisada; n=7), administrados na dose de 5 g/ovelha/dia (10x1010ufc/g de MS). O experimento teve duração de 20 dias divididos em quatro períodos, alternando entre 40 e 60% de concentrado. Foram realizadas coletas de sangue e líquido ruminal ao final de cada período e mensuração da ingestão de matéria seca diariamente, a fim de determinar o ganho médio diário (GMD). As análises sanguíneas incluíram hemograma e parâmetros bioquímicos como glicose, ureia, proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT), enzimas hepáticas, proteínas de fase aguda e minerais. Houve tendência de aumento no GMD no grupo Cultron X em relação ao controle no período 3. Apesar do pH ruminal não diferir entre grupos, a motilidade de protozoários foi melhor nos animais suplementados com levedura hidrolisada. O grupo Cultron Pro apresentou aumento de PPT nos períodos 3 e 4 e aumento nos níveis da enzima hepática AST nos períodos 2 e 3 em comparação ao grupo controle. Não houve diferença nos demais metabólitos. A suplementação com levedura apresentou-se como potencial ferramenta em momentos de desafio alimentar, sendo a cultura de levedura mais eficaz na melhora da performance de ovinos confinados.

Utilização de taninos como aditivo nutricional na dieta de ruminantes / Use of tannins as a nutritional additive for ruminants / Uso de taninos como aditivo nutricional en dieta de rumiantes

Os taninos são compostos fenólicos presentes em plantas, classificados quanto à estrutura química em compostos hidrolisáveis e condensados. Os condensados são adicionados à dieta de ruminantes devido a sua capacidade de formar complexos com proteínas tornando-as não degradáveis no ambiente ruminal. Dessa forma, aumenta o aporte proteico no intestino delgado onde ocorrerá a maior absorção na porção cranial do órgão, o duodeno. A vantagem desse mecanismo é aumentar o aproveitamento da proteína da dieta pelos animais o que influenciará na produtividade e sistema imunológico, entre outros. Os efeitos positivos com a utilização desse composto como aditivo nutricional ainda precisam ser estudados, portanto, o objetivo dessa revisão consiste em demonstrar os resultados, até então conhecidos, da utilização de taninos condensados na dieta de ruminantes.(AU)

Tannins are phenolic compounds present in plants. According to their chemical structure, they can be classified into hydrolysable and condensed compounds. Condensed compounds are added to the ruminant nutrition due to their ability to form complexes with proteins, rendering them as non-degradable in the rumen environment. Thus, it increases the protein supply in the small intestine, where the highest absorption will occur in the duodenum, the cranial portion of the organ. The advantage of this mechanism is the increase of the use of dietary protein by the animals, which will thus influence productivity and the immune system, among others. The positive effects of the use of this compound as a nutritional additive still need to be further investigated, therefore, the purpose of this review is to demonstrate the known results of the use of condensed tannins in the diet of ruminants.(AU)

Los taninos son compuestos fenólicos presentes en plantas, clasificados según la estructura química en compuestos hidrolizables y condensados. Los condensados se agregan a la dieta de rumiantes debido a su capacidad de formar complejos con proteínas, haciéndolas no degradables en el entorno del rumen. Así, aumenta el aporte proteico en el intestino delgado donde habrá mayor absorción en la porción craneal del órgano, el duodeno. La ventaja de ese mecanismo es aumentar el aprovechamiento de la proteína de la dieta por los animales, lo que influirá en la productividad y sistema inmunológico, entre otros. Los efectos positivos con la utilización de ese compuesto, como aditivo nutricional, todavía necesita ser estudiado, el objetivo de esa revisión consiste en demostrar los resultados, hasta ahora conocidos, del uso de taninos condensados en la dieta de rumiantes.(AU)

Butaphosphan Effects on Glucose Metabolism Involve Insulin Signaling and Depends on Nutritional Plan.

Butaphosphan is an organic phosphorus compound used in several species for the prevention of rapid catabolic states, however, the mechanism of action remains unclear. This study aimed at determining the effects of butaphosphan on energy metabolism of mice receiving a normal or hypercaloric diet (HCD) and submitted or not to food restriction. Two experiments were conducted: (1) during nine weeks, animals were fed with HCD (n = 28) ad libitum, and at the 10th week, were submitted to food restriction and received butaphosphan (n = 14) or saline injections (n = 14) (twice a day, for seven days) and; (2) during nine weeks, animals were fed with a control diet (n = 14) or HCD (n = 14) ad libitum, and at the 10th week, all animals were submitted to food restriction and received butaphosphan or saline injections (twice a day, for seven days). In food restriction, butaphosphan preserved epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, increased glucose, NEFA, and the HOMA index. In mice fed HCD and submitted to food restriction, the butaphosphan preserved epididymal WAT mass. Control diet influences on PI3K, GCK, and Irs1 mRNA expression. In conclusion, butaphosphan increased blood glucose and reduced fat mobilization in overweight mice submitted to caloric restriction, and these effects are influenced by diet.

Supplementation with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate impacts glucose homeostasis and increases liver size in trained mice.

ß-hydroxy-ß-methyl butyrate (HMB) is a bioactive metabolite derived from the amino acid leucine, usually applied for muscle mass increase during physical training, as well as for muscle mass maintenance in debilitating chronic diseases. The hypothesis of the present study is that HMB is a safe supplement for muscle mass gain by strength training. Based on this, the objective was to measure changes in body composition, glucose homeostasis and hepatic metabolism of HMB supplemented mice during strength training. Two of four groups of male mice (n = 6/group) underwent an 8-week training period session (climbing stairs) with or without HMB supplementation (190 mg/kgBW per day). We observed lower body mass gain (4.9 ± 0.43% versus 1.2 ± 0.43, p < 0.001) and increased liver mass (40.9 ± 0.9 mg/gBW versus 44.8 ± 1.3, p < 0.001) in the supplemented trained group compared with the non-supplemented groups. The supplemented trained group had an increase in relative adipose tissue mass (12.4 ± 0.63 mg/gBW versus 16.1 ± 0.88, P < 0.01) compared to the non-supplemented untrained group, and an increase in fasting blood glucose (111 ± 4.58 mg/dL versus 122 ± 3.70, P < 0.05) and insulin resistance (3.79 ± 0.19 % glucose decay/min versus 2.45 ± 0.28, P < 0.05) comparing with non-supplemented trained group. Adaptive heart hypertrophy was observed only in the non-supplemented trained group (4.82 ± 0.05 mg/gBW versus 5.12 ± 0.13, P < 0.05). There was a higher hepatic insulin-like growth factor-1 expression (P = 0.002) in supplemented untrained comparing with non-supplemented untrained group. Gene expression of gluconeogenesis regulatory factors was increased by training and reduced by HMB supplementation. These results confirm that HMB supplementation associated with intensive training protocol drives changes in glucose homeostasis and liver metabolism in mice.

Prepartum lameness on subsequent lactation in Holstein dairy cows / Impactos da claudicação pré-parto na lactação subsequente de vacas leiteiras da raça Holandês

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to confirm the possible consequences of prepartum lameness on subsequent lactation among Holstein cows. In this research, 27 multiparous cows, were monitored from the 30th to 63rd day, relative to calving. Thirty days prior to parturition, the animals were segregated into two groups based on the locomotion score (LS), where LS 1 is attributed to animals without claudication, LS 2 to those with suspected lameness and LS 3, 4 and 5 to those with mild, moderate and severe lameness, respectively; in the lame cows group (LC) (n=15), the animals displayed LS ≥ 3, whereas in the non-lame cows group (NLC) (n=12) they showed LS 1. Milk production, body condition score (BCS) and blood concentration levels of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), urea, phosphorus, calcium aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and total plasma proteins (PPT) were evaluated. Milk production (17.675 ± 0.31 L of milk/day) and blood calcium concentration (7.42 ± 0.12 mg/dL) were lower in the lame cows in comparison to those without lameness (22.27 ± 0.42 L of milk/day and 9.63 ± 0.13 mg/dL). Besides, the lame cows showed higher BCS loss during the early postpartum period. The metabolites AST, GGT, PPT, urea, BHB and phosphorus revealed no difference between the groups during the period evaluated. The lameness evident in cows during prepartum exerted major negative effects on the milk production and calcemia, making the LS evaluation during these period an important tool in the early diagnosis of losses for future lactation.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as consequências da claudicação no período pré-parto no início da lactação subsequente de vacas da raça Holandês. Vinte e sete vacas multíparas foram monitoradas do dia -30 até o dia 63 em relação ao parto. Trinta dias antes do parto os animais foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com classificação de escore de locomoção (EL) em que EL é atribuído ao animal sem claudicação, EL 2 suspeito de claudicar e EL 3, 4 e 5 representam claudicação leve, moderada e severa, respectivamente. No grupo de vacas claudicantes (n=15) os animais apresentavam EL ≥3 e no grupo controle (n=12) apresentavam EL de 1. Foi mensurada a produção de leite, escore de condição corporal (ECC) e as concentrações sanguíneas de β-hidroxibutirato (BHB), ureia, fósforo, cálcio, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama glutamil transferase (GGT) e proteínas plastmáticas totais (PPT). A produção média de leite das vacas claudicantes (17,675 ± 0,31 L/dia) e concentração de cálcio sanguíneo (7,42 ± 0,12 mg/dL) foram menores quando comparadas com as não-claudicantes (22,27 ± 0,42 L/dia e 9,63 17,675 ± 0,13 mg/dL). Além disso, vacas claudicantes perderam mais ECC no pós-parto recente. Os metabólitos AST, GGT, PPT, ureia, BHB e fósforo não diferiram entre grupos durante o período avaliado. A claudicação evidente em vacas no pré-parto apresenta grandes reflexos negativos na produção de leite e calcemia desses animais, tornando o EL pré-parto uma ferramenta importante no diagnóstico precoce de prejuízos na futura lactação.

In vitro fermentation of diets containing sweet potato flour as a substitute for corn in diets for ruminants / Fermentação in vitro de dietas contendo farinha de batata-doce como substituto do milho em dietas para ruminantes

ABSTRACT: With the intensification of production systems, dairy cow feeding has undergone changes creating the need to increase substitute feed options, focusing on more efficient, modern, and sustainable alternatives. Few researches were carried out evaluating the inclusion of sweet potato flour as an energy source in substitution of maize for ruminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro gas production of ground corn replacement by sweet potato flour at different levels. For in vitro gas production, four treatments were performed, consisting of corn replacement by sweet potato flour at the levels of 0, 33, 66, and 100%, in a diet consisting of corn silage, soybean meal, and ground corn. In vitro incubations were conducted in sealed bottles containing 50 ml of the inoculum prepared using ruminal fluid and 0.5 g of each treatment. Gas production was determined in 96 consecutive hours. The cumulative gas production was greater when the corn was 100% replaced by SPF (224 ± 1.45 and 231.9 ± 1.45 ml/g DMi for 0 and 100% of replacement, P = 0.01). Degradation rates were 7.10, 7.59, 8.08, and 8.59 ± 0.06% per hour for the 0, 33, 66, and 100% replacement rates, respectively (P<0.001). There was also a difference (P = 0.002) in the lag time, in which diets with the highest SPF inclusion had a lower colonization time. In conclusion, sweet potato flour produced more gas and was more rapidly degraded than corn.

RESUMO: Com a intensificação dos sistemas de produção e o aumento das exigências alimentares das vacas leiteiras criou-se a necessidade de diversificação nas opções de alimentos, focando em alternativas mais eficientes, modernas e sustentáveis. Poucas pesquisas foram realizadas avaliando a inclusão da farinha de batata-doce como fonte de energia em substituição ao milho para ruminantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de gás in vitro da farinha de batata-doce (SPF) em substituição ao milho moído em diferentes níveis. Para a produção de gás in vitro, foram realizados quatro tratamentos, com substituição de milho por farinha de batata-doce a 0, 33, 66 e 100%, em uma dieta com silagem de milho, farelo de soja e milho moído. As incubações foram conduzidas em frascos selados contendo 50 ml do inóculo preparado utilizando o fluido ruminal, solução tampão e 0,5 g de cada tratamento. A produção de gás acumulada foi maior na substituição do milho pela SPF em 100% (224 ± 1.45 e 231,9 ± 1.45 ml/g MSi para as substituições 0 e 100%, P = 0,01). A taxa de degradação foi 7,10, 7,59, 8,08 e 8,59 ± 0,06% por hora nas substituições 0, 33, 66 e 100%, respectivamente (P<0,001). Houve também diferença (P = 0,002) no lag time, em que as dietas com maior inclusão de SPF tiveram tempo de colonização bacteriana menor. Em conclusão, a farinha de batata-doce produziu mais gás e foi degradada mais rapidamente que o milho.

Association of polymorphisms in the IGF-I, GHR and STAT5A genes with serum IGF-I concentration and reproductive performance of Holstein dairy cows.

This study was conducted to evaluate associations of polymorphisms in the genes for the growth hormone receptor (GHR), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A (STAT5A) with serum concentrations of IGF-I, reproductive performance and milk production of postpartum Holstein dairy cows. Days from calving to first ovulation (DTO) and calving to conception interval (CCI) were evaluated in 95 Holstein cows. Serum concentrations of IGF-I and ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) were quantified in samples collected in sequential blood collections. Genotyping of the IGF-I and STAT5A genes was performed. The IGF-I polymorphism distribution was 35.9% CC, 46.1% CT and 18% TT. The IGF-I concentrations in circulation were greater in cows of the TT compared with both the CT and CC groups (P < 0.05). Genotype had a linear association (P < 0.05) with DTO and CCI, which were less for cows of the TT group. There was no association of STAT5A BstEII on serum IGF-I or reproductive variables (P> 0.05). When combining the GHR AluI T allele, obtained in a previous study, and the IGF-I SnaBI T allele from the current study, for the same cows, there were additive associations of both with serum IGF-I, BHBA, number of services per conception, DTO and CCI (P < 0.05). Thus, the IGF-1 SnaBI TT appears to be associated with fewer DTO and lesser CCI of lactating dairy cows and had an additive association with the GHR AluI T allele on indicators for improvement of fertility.

Early embryonic development of bovine oocytes challenged with LPS in vitro or in vivo.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exposing bovine oocytes to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in vivo and in vitro on early embryo development. In experiment 1, cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs, n = 700/group) were challenged with 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 5.0 µg/mL of LPS during in vitro maturation (IVM). Later, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro culture (IVC) were performed. In experiment 2, COCs (n = 200/group) matured and in vitro fertilized without LPS were subjected to IVC with the same doses of LPS from experiment 1. In experiment 3, heifers received two injections of saline solution (n = 8) or 0.5 µg/kg of LPS (n = 8) 24 h apart, and 3 days later, COCs were recovered and submitted to IVM, IVF, and IVC. In experiments 1 and 3, the expression of TLR4, TNF, AREG and EREG genes in cumulus cells was evaluated. Exposure to 1 and 5 µg/mL of LPS during IVM decreased nuclear maturation (39.4 and 39.6%, respectively) compared with control (63.6%, P < 0.05). Despite that, no effect on cleavage and blastocyst rates were observed. Exposure to LPS during IVC did not affect embryonic development. In vivo exposure to LPS decreased the in vitro cleavage rate (54.3 vs 70.2%, P = 0.032), but cleaved embryos developed normally. Number of cells per embryo and gene expression were not affected by the LPS challenge in any experiment. In conclusion, although in vitro exposure to LPS did not affect early embryo development, in vivo LPS exposure reduced cleavage rate.

Insulin treatment does not affect follicular development but alters granulosa cell gene expression in dairy cows.

The use of strategies to stimulate follicular growth are important, especially for use in timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocols, aiming to increase dairy cow's fertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of insulin on follicular growth, steroid production and expression of genes related to follicular development. For this, cows were submitted to a progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) based synchronization protocol. In study 1, eleven primiparous lactating Holstein cows, received a single s.c. application of 0.25 IU/kg human insulin or no treatment (control) on D8 of the protocol. Blood samples were collected, and the dominant follicle diameter was assessed daily via transrectal ultrasonography, from D8 to D12. In study 2, eight multiparous non-pregnant and non-lactating Jersey cows, received a single s.c. application of 0.25 IU/kg human insulin, whereas cows from the control group received a single s.c. injection (1 mL) of saline solution (NaCl 0.9%). Blood samples were collected, and the dominant follicle diameter was assessed daily via transrectal ultrasonography from D6 to D9 of the protocol. Sixteen hours after insulin injection, follicular aspiration was performed. In study 1, insulin treatment decreased systemic glucose levels, but did not affect follicular growth. In study 2, the glucose decrease induced by insulin treatment was accompanied by a tendency of decreased progesterone levels in follicular fluid, along with a decrease in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) and insulin like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) mRNA abundance in granulosa cells. In conclusion, insulin treatment does not increase follicle growth and estradiol secretion in dairy cows, but decreases IGFBP2 and tends to increase pappalysin (PAPPA) mRNA abundance in granulosa cells, suggesting a positive effect on follicle development.

Intrafollicular paraoxonase 1 activity and the steroidogenic potential of the first post-partum dominant follicle in dairy cows.

Cows experiencing high levels of inflammation and specific metabolic conditions tend to have slower follicular growth and lower serum and follicular concentrations of oestradiol (E2). Paraoxonase1 (PON1) activity decreases during inflammatory processes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between serum and intrafollicular (FF) PON1 activity and the serum and intrafollicular levels of E2 and progesterone (P4), as well as the mRNA expression of genes related to steroidogenesis, metabolism and inflammation in the first post-partum dominant follicle of Holstein cows. No correlation was found between PON1 activity, the expression of the analysed genes and levels of follicular E2 and P4, except for a negative correlation between serum E2 and follicular PO1 activity. Also, no correlation was found between serum and follicular PON1 during the first post-partum follicular wave.

Effect of high-density lipoprotein on oocyte maturation and bovine embryo development in vitro.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is the main lipoprotein in the follicular fluid, and it has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cryoprotectant properties. The anti-inflammatory potential and antioxidant potential are derived from its lipid composition, especially the apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HDL during in vitro maturation (IVM) on oocyte maturation and early bovine embryo development. For this, cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were obtained from bovine ovaries collected at a local slaughterhouse. COCs (n = 2,250) were allocated into three groups (n = 50 COCs/group) according to the addition of HDL protein (HDL-P) during IVM for 22 hr: 0 (control), 50 and 150 mg/dl. After IVM, COCs were inseminated (in vitro fertilization) and cultivated for 7 days. Total cholesterol concentration, total protein, triglycerides and ApoAI concentrations on IVM medium increased proportionally to HDL-P addition. However, PON1 activity was not detected in any treatment. The addition of HDL-P did not affect nuclear maturation rate, endogenous reactive oxygen species and glutathione levels in COCs (p > 0.05). The highest HDL-P concentration (150 mg/dl) decreased cleavage and blastocyst rate (p < 0.05). Moreover, the HDL-P 150 mg/dl group had lower cellular count/blastocyst than the 50 mg/dl group (p < 0.05). However, the addition of HDL-P did not affect relative gene expression of evaluated genes. In conclusion, the complex HDL/ApoAI obtained from human plasma, in the absence of PON1 activity during in vitro oocyte maturation, decreased initial embryo development.

Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) treatment on follicular population and development in non-lactating dairy cows.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on follicle population and ovulatory follicle development in non-lactating dairy cows. Twenty-one Jersey cows were allocated in rbST (n=11) or control (n=10) groups. On day -60, cows in rbST group received 500 mg of somatotropin (s.c. Lactotropin®, Elanco). On day 0, control and rbST cows received an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (1.9 g, CIDR®, Zoetis) and GnRH (100 mg, IM, Factrel®, Zoetis). On day 8, cows received PGF2α (25 mg, IM, Lutalyse®, Zoetis) and the CIDR® was removed. Twelve hours after device removal (D8), serum, follicular fluid and granulosa cells samples were collected. Serum and follicular concentration of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) were analyzed. Total RNA was extracted from granulosa cells to measure gene expression of LHCGR, STAR, HSD-3B1, CYP11A1, CYP19A1, CYP17A1, IGFR and PAPPA by real-time PCR. Ultrasonography was performed on days -60, -53, -46, -14, -7, 0 and 8 for antral follicle count. Results were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and t-test. There was no effect of rbST treatment on the number of follicles during the 60 days period, as well as no effect on serum and follicular fluid E2 and follicular fluid P4 at the moment of follicle aspiration. There was a reduction in PAPPA (P = 0.006), CYP11A1 (P = 0.04) and CYP19A1 (P = 0.002) mRNA levels in granulosa cells of the pre-ovulatory follicle of rbST treated cows. In conclusion, a single dose of rbST did not have long-term effects on antral follicle population, serum and follicular E2/P4 concentrations in non-lactating dairy cows. Despite that, rbST injection decreased granulosa cell expression of genes related to steroidogenesis in the pre-ovulatory follicle.